抗体与免疫球蛋白的区别

<div class="para" style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> <div class="para" style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif;"> <div class="para" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: 21px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: normal;"> <div class="para" style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><font face="宋体">抗体</font>(antibody)<font face="宋体">指机体的免疫体系在抗原影响下，由</font><font face="Calibri">B</font><font face="宋体">淋巴细胞分化成的浆细胞所发生的、可与相应抗原发生特异性联络反应的免疫球蛋白。 &nbsp;抗体与免疫球蛋白的区别 &nbsp;开端有人用电泳证明血清中抗体活性在&gamma;球蛋白有些，故曾把抗体统称为丙种</font><font face="Calibri">(</font><font face="宋体">&gamma;</font><font face="Calibri">)</font><font face="宋体">球蛋白。后来发现，抗体并不都在&gamma;区</font><font face="Calibri">;</font><font face="宋体">并且坐落&gamma;区的球蛋白，也不一定都具有抗体活性。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">1964<font face="宋体">年，世界卫生组织举行专门会议，将具有抗体活性以及与抗体有关的球蛋白统称为免疫球蛋白</font><font face="Calibri">(Ig)</font><font face="宋体">，如骨髓瘤蛋白，巨球蛋白血症、冷球蛋白血症等病人血清中存在的失常免疫球蛋白以及正常人天然存在的免疫球蛋白亚单位等。因此免疫球蛋白是结构化学的概念，而抗体是生物学功用的概念。能够说，一切抗体都是免疫球蛋白，但并非一切免疫球蛋白都是抗体。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">生物活性</span></strong><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(1) <font face="宋体">联络特异性抗原：抗体与别的免疫球蛋白分子区别，就在于抗体能与相应抗原发生特异性联络，在体内致使生理或病理效应</font><font face="Calibri">;</font><font face="宋体">在体外发生各种直接或直接的可见的抗原抗体联络反应。抗体是靠其分子上的特别的联络部位与抗原联络的。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(2) <font face="宋体">激活补体：抗体与相应抗原联络后，凭仗显露的补体联络点去激活补体体系、激起补体的溶菌、溶细胞等免疫作用。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(3) <font face="宋体">联络细胞：不一样类别的免疫球蛋白，可联络不一样种的细胞，发生不一样的疚，参与免疫应对。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(4) <font face="宋体">可通过胎盘及粘膜：免疫球蛋白</font><font face="Calibri">G(IgG)</font><font face="宋体">能通过胎盘进入胎儿血流中，使胎儿构成天然被迫免疫。免疫球蛋白</font><font face="Calibri">A(IgA)</font><font face="宋体">可通过消化道及呼吸道粘膜，是粘膜有些抗感染免疫的首要因素。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(5) <font face="宋体">具有抗原性：抗体分子是一种蛋白质，也具有影响机体发生免疫应对的功用。不一样的免疫球蛋白分子，各具有不一样的抗原性。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(6) <font face="宋体">抗体对理化因子的抵抗力与通常球蛋白一样：不耐热，</font><font face="Calibri">60</font><font face="宋体">～</font><font face="Calibri">70</font><font face="宋体">℃即被损坏。各种酶及能使蛋白质凝结变性的物质，均能损坏抗体的作用。抗体可被中性盐类堆积。在生产上常可用硫酸铵或硫酸钠从免疫血清中堆积出富含抗体的球蛋白，再经透析法将其纯化。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">抗体的分类</span></strong><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(1) <font face="宋体">按作用方针，可将其分为抗毒素、抗菌抗体、抗病毒抗体和亲细胞抗体</font><font face="Calibri">(</font><font face="宋体">能与细胞联络的免疫球蛋白，如</font><font face="Calibri">1</font><font face="宋体">型反常反应中的</font><font face="Calibri">lgE</font><font face="宋体">反应素抗体，能吸附在靶细胞膜上</font><font face="Calibri">)</font><font face="宋体">。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(2) <font face="宋体">按理化性质和生物学功用，可将其分为</font><font face="Calibri">IgM</font><font face="宋体">、</font><font face="Calibri">IgG</font><font face="宋体">、</font><font face="Calibri">IgA</font><font face="宋体">、</font><font face="Calibri">IgE</font><font face="宋体">、</font><font face="Calibri">IgD</font><font face="宋体">五类。 </font><font face="Calibri">IgM</font><font face="宋体">抗体是免疫应对中首要分泌的抗体。它们在与抗原联络后发起补体的级联反应。它们还把入侵者彼此连接起来，聚成成堆便于巨噬细胞的吞噬</font><font face="Calibri">; &nbsp;IgG</font><font face="宋体">抗体激活补体，中和多种毒素。</font><font face="Calibri">IgG</font><font face="宋体">持续的时间长，是仅有能在母亲妊娠期穿过胎盘保护胎儿的抗体。他们还从乳腺分泌进入初乳，使新生儿得到保护</font><font face="Calibri">IgA</font><font face="宋体">抗体进入身体的黏膜表面，包含呼吸、消化、生殖等管道的黏膜，中和感染因子。还能够通过母乳的初乳把这种抗体输送到新生儿的消化道黏膜中，是在母乳中含量最多，最为首要的一类抗体</font><font face="Calibri">; &nbsp;IgE</font><font face="宋体">抗体的尾部与嗜碱细胞、肥大细胞的细胞膜联络。当抗体与抗原联络后，嗜碱细胞与肥大细胞开释组织胺一类物质推动炎症的展开。这也是致使速发型过敏反应的抗体</font><font face="Calibri">; &nbsp;IgD</font><font face="宋体">抗体的作用还不太理解。它们首要呈如今老到的</font><font face="Calibri">B</font><font face="宋体">淋巴细胞表面上，可能与</font><font face="Calibri">B</font><font face="宋体">细胞的分化有关。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(3) <font face="宋体">按与抗原联络后是不是出现可见反应，可将其分为：在介质参与下出现可见联络反应的完全抗体，即通常所说的抗体，以及不出现可见反应，但能阻抑抗原与其相应的完全抗体联络的不完全抗体。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">(4) <font face="宋体">按抗体的来历，可将其分为天然抗体和免疫抗体。 &nbsp;抗体即是免疫球蛋白，是改变了的球蛋白分子。由特异性抗原影响起作，抗体的发生是因为抗原侵入人体后致使各种免疫细胞彼此作用，使</font><font face="Calibri">B</font><font face="宋体">使淋巴分化增殖而构成浆细胞，浆细胞可发生分泌抗体。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;">抗体结构</span></strong><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><font face="宋体">寄生虫等异物，中和它们所开释的毒素或根除某些自身抗原，使机体坚持正常平衡，但有时也会对机体构成病理性危害，如抗核抗体、抗双链</font>DNA<font face="宋体">抗体、抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体等一些自身抗体的发生，对人体可构成危害。</font></span><span style="mso-spacerun:'yes';font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:9.0000pt;mso-font-kerning:1.0000pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div class="para" style="word-wrap: break-word; font-family: arial, 宋体, sans-serif;">&nbsp;</div> </span></div> </div> </span></div>